How to check rear differential gear ratio. 50:1 ring and pinion gear ratio.


About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Aug 21, 2018 · Have you ever bought a rig and wondered what gears are in the axles? This little trick will show you how to figure that out, without even taking the tires off. 35. Jun 6, 2008 · It doesn't list my 4. For example: The tag will say: 350 for 3. 56 gears (the 4. Component Breakdown Axle Ratio. The rear axle gear ratio is the number of turns that the input of the differential at the driveshaft makes in relation to its output at the rear wheels. 07. Each number and letter contained within a VIN reveals information about the vehicle, such as the make, model, production year and engine size. GT w/PP gets the torsen with 3. 30:1 ratio - that's it for the 6" ring gear size, theres no known alternative ratios that came out of the Mazda factory however the was apparently a 4. 182" seems to be an NCV3 code, not T1N From a 2007 NCV3: AR2 AXLE RATIO I = 3. In some cases both an 'A' and a 'B' prefix part number are shown for a particular gear set. Conversely, the ratio is referred to as a lower numeric axle ratio if the amount of drive shaft spins necessary to turn the wheel increases (i. The only difference between the two is the 13 is an SEL and the 14 is a Titanium. 0 engine. ) Here’s how to check out your diff ratio easily if you need to: For example, a 4×4 truck with a 3. On the axle you might have a sticker, and on the differential cover you might have a little metal tag that’s sticking out. 5" 14 Bolt - Rear Axle; 12. If the driveshaft rotates about 3x, the gear ratio is 3. 6 rear end was offered only in a 4. 08:1 in the same car with identical torque, the output torque would drop considerably to 308 lb-ft (100 x 3. Sep 13, 2008 · 4th gear = 1. Both are 4WD. Make a line on the pinion yoke and onto the rear end with chalk or a grease pencil. Dec 8, 2007 · check your rear axle cover bolts and see if there is a metal tag on one of the bolts, this should give you a ratio. The tag attached to the differential cover can be used to determine your actual gear ratio. Thanx, billnuke1:-banghead Feb 14, 2018 · Dana 35: This was the rear axle most commonly used on the TJ non-Rubicon models. The tag Use our Differential Gear Ratio Calculator page to determine the best ring and pinion gear ratio for your vehicle. From the example above, you can see that the lower line shows the gear ratio, and axle diameter. 55 rear axle gears in the options list then you have a 3. Take a piece of chalk and mark as accurately as possible the driveshaft to the differential, and the wheel in the air to the backing plate. The 57,s with automatic trans had 336 rear gears. Jul 4, 2012 · But 57 cars didn't have that ratio. 21 ratio. I assume it has 3. Alternatively, the GM rear end can be identified by the diameter of the ring gear (7. 55 – a common stock gear ratio for Ford pickups. 5" ring gear has me a bit confused. 73 diff gear ratio. 3. 31 rear gear. If it is at 2k RPM, you have the 3. If you have ever wondered what the gear ratio is in your rear-wheel drive vehicle and the factory axle tag is Aug 28, 2018 · Learn the easiest way to determine rear end gear ratio on a open differential without counting teeth or removing parts. 4. By deduction I'm pretty sure you have the 3. Put the car in neutral and release the parking brake. " a transmission with more gears might allow a truckmaker to offer a taller rear axle ratio (a 3. Nov 15, 2023 · Understanding Rear Axle Gear Ratios. I am exploring the options for the 95 GT, as About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Jun 19, 2023 · How To Check Gear Ratio On Open Differential. Aug 24, 2014 · There is a plate or stamp on the rear diff that will tell you what the rear gear is. 56 gear ratio. This is the most accurate method of determining your gear ratio. 364 (engine OM651) From a 2016 US Options book: AR2 = 3. 5 inches, 8. One of those ways is seeing what RPM your truck is at while doing 70mph. Examples: You determine your pickup has an open diff, so lower one tire to the ground. Most 9" rear differentials will be the open type. However, only experts are allowed to do this. 182 AR4 = 4. Car in neutral (block the other wheels all around to ensure the car can't roll!). 556 gear ratio, it doesn't show the 4. 73, either of those numbers will give you the stock axle ratio. For a 3. 73 gears. Put the vehicle in neutral (but not running). Your Camaro could have got one of these rear ends, or someone could have swaped it. The 10 leaf rear spring might be a hint! How do you check the gear ratio to tell? I remember something about counting the revolutions of the rear tires over a set distance but can't remember the Apr 15, 2017 · Usually automatic trans cars can pull a faster set of gears. This method can be handy when looking through junkyards or swap meets. 55 is an option for both manual and auto without the PP option. 73 gear ratio. Watch this helpful video now. There you’ll find all the specifications for your Jeep Grand Cherokee, including the rear axle ratio. the gear set hasn’t been changed by a nefarious past owner. If you want to know how to do this, we detail exactly how you can decode a VIN plate and learn the gear ratio of your vehicle. 36 rear gearing or big tow. 25 Rear Axle . Installation of the correct ring and pinion gear ratio will help optimize performance, fuel economy and overall driveability. (Accurate identification using the GM RPO code assumes that the rear end has not been previously modified) Jan 14, 2016 · I have a 2013 and a 2014 Escape with the 2. You might not be able to tell exactly what gear you have, but you’ll be very close. Best regards, Dusty 2019 Ram 1500 Billet Silver Laramie Quad Cab 2WD, 5. On the tag there should be some numbering such as 3. 11 and so on. While it may be possible to derive information about an auto's gearbox ratio from its VIN, that depends largely on the information the manufacturer includes in the vehicle descriptor section (VDS) of the The Axle Ratio is stamped on a Gear Ratio Tag on the axle cover. If you get approximately 2 3/4 revolutions, you have a 2. , something like a 3. 92 axle it would've been listed under Optional Equipment (The 3. NOTE: see post below if interested why you spin a tire 1 rotation or 2 rotations. Some key points about axle ratios: Identification From Axle Tag: The axle tag is bolted to the rear differential cover, and is held on with one of the cover bolts. That will have the gear ratio stamped right on that. Use the Feb 10, 2023 · It’s one of the most common questions when it comes to a project car build: what gear ratio should I run? It’s a loaded question because there are a lot of f Aug 7, 2015 · Tag on rear axle differential cover; Passenger's side rear axle housing; Figure 3. 28, 3. If it rotates 3 3/4 turns, the gear ratio is 3. 36. 5 / 12. Search. 73 Rear Axle Ratio Corporate 8. May 16, 2016 · Part 4 of 5: Determining a more accurate gear ratio. 55 gears, but is there a way to tell without pulling the differential cover? So an easy way to determine your actual gear ratio is to check the tag attached to the differential cover by the cover bolts. This gives us another reason to lower the 3. This is also for 2WD trucks, so if you have a 4x4 you could have a different rear differential ratio. its a 91 yj jeep 4 cylinder manual and I need to replace the rear differential. If that is not there, there are other ways of figuring it out, just search forum and you will find numerous threads on it. 42:1,” or a “3. _____ (Note: A higher ratio is one which makes the car go faster at any given engine speed, so a higher ratio has a numerically lower number of diff ratio, for example 3. 3 rear axle 4th gear @ 2000RPM should be 45 mph (+/-1mph) 6th gear @ 1500RPM should be 60 mph (+/-1mph) May 10, 2022 · Understanding axle ratios is easier than you may think, and is critically important to making sure your vehicle meets your needs. Nov 3, 2020 · Identify your gear ratio. without taking the differential cover off. Only you can determine what gear ratio is best for you. Aug 4, 2011 · If the other rear wheel turns in the opposite direction (this means you have an open diff) - rotate the wheel two times and count the drive shaft revolutions. Jack the rear of the car up so that the rear tires are off the ground. 07:1 differential with the close-ratio gearbox raises second gear so much that the engine will be “bogging” coming out of the slowest turns—and you don’t want to downshift into first. 5, but you need to look at the RPO code in your glove box to determine your rear differential gear ratio. Axle ratios may be expressed in notation as something along the lines of “3. 556 gear ratio to get that number (bad practice considering the precision these ratios have) or the writer had bad information. Jan 13, 2017 · The VIN won't tell you, but there's a sticker on the bottom of the driver's side axle tube that will list the ratio. Any help/hints would be appreciated. Edited for Adsense approval Oct 21, 2003 · First CK out your gear ratio and then get back to us. Like previously mentioned, if your car has an open differential (non-positraction), you will want to perform the check with one rear wheel on the ground. Oct 11, 2014 · Hi I'm new to all of this even forums so please help me out. The calculation uses the number of teeth in the ring gear and divides it by the number of teeth in the pinion gear to provide you with a “[result] to 1” ratio. 558 ratio 255/70R18 tires = 32. 5" Ring Gear, 4. Description - Three piece housing includes integral cast iron differential carrier and housing with Nov 6, 2002 · Just wondering how to quickly determine the ratio of an open diff. Step 1: Place the oil catch pan under the rear differential cover. Rear differential diagram. 10. This proportion is known as an axle ratio. If you have a car with a posi or limited slip rear, jack up the car and get both rear tires off the ground. Knowing how to calculate the rear end gear ratio to choose the right one is not a must but an advantage, and Sep 26, 2023 · To check the rear differential, look for the pumpkin-shaped metal object between the rear wheels. 545 or a 3. 55" or simply "three fifty-five. So from that example, we can see that the tag above is a 7. Nov Aug 29, 2012 · Check out my image gallery HERE. Put 1 finger into the port to see if you can feel the gear oil. you can find them, and b. 10 or 4. Inside a rear axle differential, there are at least six (6) gears. I though the OR's came with the 8" ring gear. The 1. Rear-axle gear ratios within the rear end are the same and have quite a bit of difference depending on the year or model you own. Jun 20, 2010 · The easiest way to find out what gears you have in your truck, is to look in the glove box. Example: 39 Ring Gear teeth / 11 Pinion Teeth = 3. The axle ratio is derived from dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the number of teeth on the pinion gear. Feb 1, 2022 · Sages will tell you to look for numbers on the differential case, which is great if: a. _____ A vehicle with a lower numerical axle ratio is said to have a high gear or high rear end ratios while vehicles with a higher numerical ratio have low gear or low rear end ratios. 5 inches). 55 Nov 2, 2022 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Feb 8, 2023 · In this video I show you how to calculate the gear ratio of your axle. " can anyone tell me my rear end gear ratio Mar 1, 2015 · on the door plate; so far this turns out to be a 3. The 1970 12 bolt version will bolt into any second generation Camaro and quite often is done so in high power applications. The Dana 35 came with either 3. 0 Rear; 11. Home. Dec 9, 2021 · Hi all, Was just wondering if there was a rear differential gear ratio calculator somewhere, or if there was a post with an RPM reference for auto and 5 apeed trans when you swap in different ratios, such as 3. 50:1 ring and pinion gear ratio. To recognize a Locking 9" differential, look for a metal tag on one of the bolts that holds the center section to the housing. ” 9 Inch Ford rear differential. ) Dec 23, 2014 · 5. This can be done by using a caliper to measure the outside diameters of the two gears, then dividing the ring gear diameter by the pinion gear diameter. We show you the simple way to check diff ratio. 15 standard. 07:1 differential ratio. 3 rear end Pick an RPM When you test drive do this and see if the numbers match: If it has a 4. For the beginner. How to re-gear a Ford 9 inch differential. The Mustang rear end has varied throughout the years. 11 final drive, but I just want to make sure sort of opening up the diff and counting the ring gear Is there anything else I can check to see what final drive I A rear gear training. GM 10 bolt rear? The jacking up and turning the wheel or driveshaft seems to produce unuasual results. Saved Searches. Hope this helps! Sep 6, 2017 · Jack up one rear wheel. 08:1) Lower numeric axle ratios may assist an engine work less hard while traveling at highway speeds, which may aid fuel economy. (Remember that lowering the ratio produces a higher number. 56 with the AT. 55:1 and a low range ratio of 1:1. 000 ratio 6th gear = 0. 5" 14 Bolt - Rear Axle; 11. That’s your gear ratio. I"m looking at V6 Rams with the Big horn trims. Oct 12, 2008 · How to check rear diff gear ratio? Is there any castings/serial no's etc that I should be looking for on the rear diff to see what ratio it is? According to all the sites I have a 4. Reactions: LibertyTC. 0" 14 Bolt - Rear Axle The result is your gear ratio. 91 gear ratio, at least for the 5sp. Different gear ratios can have different effects in the way a vehicle performs. 54 or 3. Step 2: Remove the bolts that hold the rear differential cover on. Figure 1. The gear ratio of an open differential can be checked without pulling the cover off by measuring the size of the ring gear and the pinion gear. There is a code on the 3rd member that shows the original build's ratio, assembly location, and date code. The first time you wade into the gears’ universe, you will encounter several terms such as gear ratio, rear end, gear systems or ‘trains,’ etc. Sep 4, 2019 · Let’s say your driveshaft made 3 3/4 revolutions, that would determine a 3. There is also another way of doing it by counting rotations of the drive shaft and tire but not to sure how to do that and not sure if it works on the front too. Fantastic vehicle! I need info as to the reading VIN # gear ratio. 31 standard, GT auto 3. Your ratio is determined by the number of drive shaft revolutions. The gear ratio can be found in the VDS part of a vehicle’s VIN number. This will help to identify any potential concerns or wear and tear that require attention. of torque to the gear, and the gear ratio is 4. I have been told it might have a p/u rear end in it. 55 Differential Ratio. Mar 7, 2024 · Why Is It Important To Know About The Gear Ratio? The gear ratio helps us understand the engaging relationship between torque and speed, maintaining both of which is extremely important for a safe drive. Thankfully when it comes to finding your car's ge Nov 30, 2008 · 1999 to 2016 Super Duty - VIN # clue to rear end gear ratio? - Hi Folks, I just bought a 2000 Excursion 4x4. If it has a different axle ratio, would it be under the "standard equipment" heading, or will this be under optional equipment? Jul 1, 2015 · Your axle ratio, transmission ratios, and even tire diameter all factor in, so be sure to look at the big picture. . 55 is standard with the Pentastar V6). com/I got a request to make a video on how to determine gear ratio in your jeep so I busted out the 3 methods I know. You will see all the RPO codes there. This rear end was available in a 10 bolt version only. Learning how to choose rear end gear ratios will get your build on the right track by m So far everything I've looked at has the 3:21 axle ratio listed under "standard equipment". (100 x 4. Use a drive ratchet to open the service port. 42 rear axle. Like many parts on your truck, gear ratios can be swapped out and changed to better suit your application. Mark the raised wheel and t Feb 3, 2014 · Looks like you have an 8. Gear Ratios - 6" ring gear The 1990-93 1. To know your Chevy’s rear-end gear ratio, check the table using your RPO code. now I checked the front and there is a small plate saying "3100A" but that's it. 5 / 10 is 3. Best I can decipher it means I have a 7. 06 diameter 275/65R18 tires = 32. Example - if the shaft rotates about 3 3/4 turns you have a 3. 5 inches, or 10. 56 gears only came in the late model TJ SE's with automagic transmissions). It's an auto with the factory E-Locker, and tow package. 07:1 is higher gearing than 3. The 2014 just seems peppier than the 13 for some reason. 73 ring & pinion. In simple words, the gear ratio can be expressed as the ratio of the number of spikes in the larger gear to the ratio of the number of spikes Nov 19, 2013 · If that is the case you would have to pull the rear cover off, check the numbers on the ring gear and use the "Red" chart in post #2 Example: If the numbers 41 : 11 were stamped into the edge of the ring gear it would be a 3. 5 : 1) I have no idea what this rear is out of originally. I need some help finding out what ratio the rear differential is. May 5, 2022 · The 3. The stamped numbers on the left or right axle tube can also identify the axle. 73, 4. Which Gear Ratio is Best For You? This is a tricky question. Jan 14, 2019 · 2009 - 2014 Ford F150 - How to tell what gear ratio the truck has? - I just bought a used 2013 SCrew FX4. 07, 3. The easiest way to determine the gear ratio is to jack up the car (safely) and block one rear wheel so… Identify your GMC or Chevrolet rear end gear ratio by the RPO Codes, usually located on the placard labeled “Service Parts Identification” inside the drivers door panel or glove box. Most gear ratios are not exact numbers, making the spinning method less accurate. It came from the factory with a 4. Knowing how to determine the rear axle ratio can be needed from a performance aspect and also speedometer correction. RPO code can be found on the driver-side door panel or glove box. Dec 2, 2011 · No, there's no way of telling from the outside. It also lists a 4. Im in the process of changing my 55,s gears to a set of 355's Ive got a really low first gear 4 speed trans im putting in it. 56:1, the output torque to the rear wheels would be 456 lb-ft. And vice versa for lower ratios. com Mar 23, 2019 · However, I believe if it had the 3. 56). The closest a stock 57 axle could be is 3. The 7. May 6, 2015 · I can't see your window sticker (web filter at work) but if it doesn't say 3. It appears to be 100% stock. 55, 3. The VDS is the vehicle documentation section on the VIN. 6 differential is known to fail even on stock power levels. Jan 31, 2002 · This rear end is completely different from the GM 10 bolts and can be identified by the 9 bolts in the cover instead of 10. (like 1. 76 gear ratio. All 4-Speed Automatic Transmissions Dana 30/186MM Front Axle 3. YOU WERE RIGHT ON GIRL, called it in the first post didn't you? Boss Troll is pissing around with the crew and cussing his little head off. 56 gear ratio that doesn't exist afaik, either they rounded up the 4. Favorites. Aug 18, 2015 · How to quickly identify the appropriate ring & pinion gear ratio for your truck or car. The rear axle gear ratio compares the number of teeth on the ring gear to the number of teeth on the pinion gear inside the differential. 08 diameter assume 4. 7L with auto tranny and gear code of B07A. Therefore, trucks with high gear ratio are best for cruising while those with low gear ratios have fast acceleration. Jul 28, 2018 · On this episode of Budget Build Garage we show you how to easily find the gear ratio on any rear end that has a posi unit without taking anything apart! It i You’ll be first to know about Silver Sport Transmission products, discounts and special events! This video explains how to find out what gear ratio your rear or front differential is without taking it apart to find stamper numbers or count gear teeth. If the tire turns opposite of the way the first tire spins, then it's probably an open rear end. more. Because the pinion is smaller in diameter than the ring gear, the drive shaft will spin at a higher speed than the axle shafts and wheels. 7 Hemi, 8HP75, 3. 9:1. e. 50 to 1 gear ratio, which came stock behind a 302 V8. 10 Rear Axle Gear Ratio I bet the farm you will find the G80/GT4 though Aug 26, 2015 · An alternate way to be positive of the gear ratio is to remove the cover, count the teeth on the ring gear, and divide by the number of teeth on the pinion gear to get the ratio. Passenger's side rear axle housing sticker. Edit by Ed Quinones on 10-7-05: I used to own a 99 Prerunner ext cab 2. 923 AR3 = 4. Jul 25, 2022 · There is always a good amount of math involved in every project, and sometimes it can be a little daunting. You can mark the driveshaft to help you count. 73 ratio, there may be 41 teeth on the ring gear and 11 on the pinion Mar 21, 2024 · How often should I check the gear ratio on my Ford 9-inch axle? During the regular maintenance period, it is advisable to scrutinize the gear ratio in you’re Ford 9-inch axle. NOTICE: 1997 - 1999 Front and Rear Axle Model Designation changes 2000 - 2002 Front Axle Model Designation changes. Does anyone know if they changed the rear end gear ratio fro 13 to 14? If not, what is the rear gear ratio? Thanks! Mar 22, 2015 · I have a 2012 TRD Double Cab Off-Road. 73. Jun 27, 2014 · But that gear ratio would most commonly be referred to as "3. 56 Ratio, and 2 Pinion OEM Limited Slip. I tried to explain to the Troll with the imaginary Boss Stang he needed to CK his gear ratio and post back but I don't expect to hear from him. GT manual gets 3. Rear Axle Gear Ratios. 5 inch axle with 3. 364 The rear end axle is responsible for transmitting power to the rear wheels in a rear-wheel-drive vehicle. Now put your jackstands under the axle. 55 rear axle ratio has a high range ratio of 3. Sep 28, 2012 · If you remove the diff cover and count the teeth on the ring gear and divide it by the number of teeth on the pinion gear that will give you your gear ratio. May 19, 2004 · The string will wrap around the drive shaft and the amount of wrap it has will tell you roughly what gear ratio you got. With a taller gear ratio of 3. 55 gear ratio that also existed. But of course it's possible for either the 3rd member or just the gear set to have been replaced some time in the car's life. Mark the driveshaft somewhere you can see it from a safe area. Now if that doesn’t pan out, there’s two other places that you can check… on the axle and the differential cover itself. The following table shows the various Ford part numbers and gear ratios for the matched ring and pinion gear sets used on 1928 through 1934 Model A (103-1/2" WB) and Model B (106" WB) Ford car and commercial chassis, not trucks. The quick and easy way to find differential ratio without tags or deciphering codes. Divide the number of driveshaft turns you counted by 10 (same for both LSD/Locker and open). The first two are common to either the open or limited-slip. You can also look up a window sticker which should have it on their by punching the VIN in at the end of this URL: Jun 26, 2007 · No matter what I do to adjust the timing and/or carb - my 31 Sport Coupe will not go over 50mph. If the engine and transmission deliver 100 lb-ft. Many automatic trans cars had 308 rear gears. In 1971, GM instituted a standardized "corporate" rear axle. Oct 29, 2015 · The number of times the driveshaft rotates equals the gear ratio. 923 another NCV3: AR6 AXLE RATIO I = 5,100 (gasoline M272) Brazilian 2010: AR4 AXLE RATIO I = 4. Guess I could pull the cover and count teeth! Thanks, Oct 23, 2023 · Alternatively, you can just find the gear ratio in your vehicle 17 digit VIN number. So an easy way to determine your actual gear ratio is to check the tag attached to the differential cover by the cover bolts. Chevy Rear End Gear Ratio Chart. Feb 15, 2022 · This is a quick and easy way to tell what gear ratio is in your rear-end. Sep 24, 2018 · A71 DIFFERENTIAL LOCK, REAR AXLE AC4 AXLE RATIO I = 4,857 The "AR3 = AXLE RATIO 1 = 4. It determines how much torque is multiplied and transmitted from the driveshaft to the rear wheels. The data plate gives the A/TM code A04C/A750F. However, determining the rear differential ratio is fairly easy. "The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good. Just open up your owner’s manual and look under the “Technical Data” section. 41 teeth on ring gear Jun 8, 2015 · The gears inside control the ratio to how many driveshaft rotations equal one wheel rotation; the lower the gear ratio, the more power to the rear wheels coming from a stop. Chrysler Dodge differential gasket patterns can help you indentiy what rear end you have. 21 axle, 33 gallon fuel tank, factory dual exhaust, 18” wheels Sep 29, 2021 · Rear end gear ratio is boiled down to lower numerical values giving better acceleration, torque, top speeds, and better fuel economy. Example. also on your driver's door jamb should give you a number/letter number under the axle code, then you can look this up. Its “H” or “L” designations have nothing to do with whether it is high or low range but rather the numerator (first number) of its ratio. i believe a 2 diget number code is a non limited slip axle and a letter/number code is a limited slip. Apr 18, 2022 · https://flawedoffroad. There is a gear ratio stamped on the tag. Example: If the string is wrapped around the drive shaft 3 ½ times than you have the 3. You turn the tire 20 turns, and count 35-1/2 turns of the driveshaft. Rear end gear ratios can drastically alter how a car applying torque. 73 Rear Axle Gear Ratio GT5 - 4. Jul 12, 2008 · Did you know that there are no planetary gears inside either an open or limited-slip differential? I ask, because I think you may have confused how a differential works with how a planetary gearset works. Raise one rear wheel. Here is the gear/locker codes:drink G80 - Locking Rear Differential GT4 - 3. 3 ways to find rear end gear ratios. Music by Jason Shaw @ audionautix. This how to video is to help you Identify your GMC or Chevrolet rear end gear ratio by the GM RPO Code, which is in the dash glove box (Accurate identifi Oct 28, 2022 · Whatever the reason, finding your rear axle ratio is easy. 08). 875 after market set. The 7 1/2 and 7 5/8 10 bolt gears can be swapes from one to the other, and so can the differential. RZN171L-CRPDKAB with factory 31s/265s should be 4. ----- Nov 22, 2016 · Check Differential Cover. uw ye vb qg xj gz lt ey gs dm